diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/fileio.c b/src/systemd/src/basic/fileio.c
index 26d617466..29b941348 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/fileio.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/fileio.c
@@ -1187,6 +1187,10 @@ int fflush_sync_and_check(FILE *f) {
         if (fsync(fileno(f)) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
+        r = fsync_directory_of_file(fileno(f));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/fs-util.c b/src/systemd/src/basic/fs-util.c
index c96c7d0d2..85c8070a1 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/fs-util.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/fs-util.c
@@ -554,6 +554,17 @@ int tmp_dir(const char **ret) {
         return tmp_dir_internal("/tmp", ret);
 }
 
+int unlink_or_warn(const char *filename) {
+        if (unlink(filename) < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
+                /* If the file doesn't exist and the fs simply was read-only (in which
+                 * case unlink() returns EROFS even if the file doesn't exist), don't
+                 * complain */
+                if (errno != EROFS || access(filename, F_OK) >= 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to remove \"%s\": %m", filename);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 int inotify_add_watch_fd(int fd, int what, uint32_t mask) {
         char path[STRLEN("/proc/self/fd/") + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(int) + 1];
         int r;
@@ -956,3 +967,33 @@ int unlinkat_deallocate(int fd, const char *name, int flags) {
 
         return 0;
 }
+
+int fsync_directory_of_file(int fd) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL, *dn = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int dfd = -1;
+        int r;
+
+        r = fd_verify_regular(fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = fd_get_path(fd, &path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(path))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        dn = dirname_malloc(path);
+        if (!dn)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        dfd = open(dn, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY);
+        if (dfd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fsync(dfd) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/fs-util.h b/src/systemd/src/basic/fs-util.h
index ae40d6d37..82d7e765b 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/fs-util.h
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/fs-util.h
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ int get_files_in_directory(const char *path, char ***list);
 int tmp_dir(const char **ret);
 int var_tmp_dir(const char **ret);
 
+int unlink_or_warn(const char *filename);
+
 #define INOTIFY_EVENT_MAX (sizeof(struct inotify_event) + NAME_MAX + 1)
 
 #define FOREACH_INOTIFY_EVENT(e, buffer, sz) \
@@ -105,3 +107,5 @@ DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(char*, unlink_and_free);
 int access_fd(int fd, int mode);
 
 int unlinkat_deallocate(int fd, const char *name, int flags);
+
+int fsync_directory_of_file(int fd);
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/io-util.c b/src/systemd/src/basic/io-util.c
index 08ad42ed9..a6e34cb76 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/io-util.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/io-util.c
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ int loop_write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t nbytes, bool do_poll) {
         assert(fd >= 0);
         assert(buf);
 
-        if (nbytes > (size_t) SSIZE_MAX)
+        if (_unlikely_(nbytes > (size_t) SSIZE_MAX))
                 return -EINVAL;
 
         do {
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/parse-util.c b/src/systemd/src/basic/parse-util.c
index 2c22753de..fa5b4a353 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/parse-util.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/parse-util.c
@@ -531,6 +531,30 @@ int safe_atoi16(const char *s, int16_t *ret) {
         return 0;
 }
 
+int safe_atoux16(const char *s, uint16_t *ret) {
+        char *x = NULL;
+        unsigned long l;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        s += strspn(s, WHITESPACE);
+
+        errno = 0;
+        l = strtoul(s, &x, 16);
+        if (errno > 0)
+                return -errno;
+        if (!x || x == s || *x != 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if (s[0] == '-')
+                return -ERANGE;
+        if ((unsigned long) (uint16_t) l != l)
+                return -ERANGE;
+
+        *ret = (uint16_t) l;
+        return 0;
+}
+
 int safe_atod(const char *s, double *ret_d) {
         _cleanup_(freelocalep) locale_t loc = (locale_t) 0;
         char *x = NULL;
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/parse-util.h b/src/systemd/src/basic/parse-util.h
index 1eda1d7f9..727422056 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/parse-util.h
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/parse-util.h
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ int safe_atou8(const char *s, uint8_t *ret);
 int safe_atou16(const char *s, uint16_t *ret);
 int safe_atoi16(const char *s, int16_t *ret);
 
+int safe_atoux16(const char *s, uint16_t *ret);
+
 static inline int safe_atou32(const char *s, uint32_t *ret_u) {
         assert_cc(sizeof(uint32_t) == sizeof(unsigned));
         return safe_atou(s, (unsigned*) ret_u);
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/process-util.c b/src/systemd/src/basic/process-util.c
index 7f8644ea9..aa41b3b68 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/process-util.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/process-util.c
@@ -398,37 +398,61 @@ use_saved_argv:
 }
 
 int is_kernel_thread(pid_t pid) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
+        unsigned long long flags;
+        size_t l, i;
         const char *p;
-        size_t count;
-        char c;
-        bool eof;
-        FILE *f;
+        char *q;
+        int r;
 
         if (IN_SET(pid, 0, 1) || pid == getpid_cached()) /* pid 1, and we ourselves certainly aren't a kernel thread */
                 return 0;
+        if (!pid_is_valid(pid))
+                return -EINVAL;
 
-        assert(pid > 1);
+        p = procfs_file_alloca(pid, "stat");
+        r = read_one_line_file(p, &line);
+        if (r == -ENOENT)
+                return -ESRCH;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
 
-        p = procfs_file_alloca(pid, "cmdline");
-        f = fopen(p, "re");
-        if (!f) {
-                if (errno == ENOENT)
-                        return -ESRCH;
-                return -errno;
+        /* Skip past the comm field */
+        q = strrchr(line, ')');
+        if (!q)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        q++;
+
+        /* Skip 6 fields to reach the flags field */
+        for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+                l = strspn(q, WHITESPACE);
+                if (l < 1)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                q += l;
+
+                l = strcspn(q, WHITESPACE);
+                if (l < 1)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                q += l;
         }
 
-        (void) __fsetlocking(f, FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER);
+        /* Skip preceeding whitespace */
+        l = strspn(q, WHITESPACE);
+        if (l < 1)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        q += l;
 
-        count = fread(&c, 1, 1, f);
-        eof = feof(f);
-        fclose(f);
+        /* Truncate the rest */
+        l = strcspn(q, WHITESPACE);
+        if (l < 1)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        q[l] = 0;
 
-        /* Kernel threads have an empty cmdline */
+        r = safe_atollu(q, &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
 
-        if (count <= 0)
-                return eof ? 1 : -errno;
-
-        return 0;
+        return !!(flags & PF_KTHREAD);
 }
 
 int get_process_capeff(pid_t pid, char **capeff) {
@@ -826,17 +850,33 @@ int kill_and_sigcont(pid_t pid, int sig) {
         return r;
 }
 
-int getenv_for_pid(pid_t pid, const char *field, char **_value) {
+int getenv_for_pid(pid_t pid, const char *field, char **ret) {
         _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
         char *value = NULL;
-        int r;
         bool done = false;
-        size_t l;
         const char *path;
+        size_t l;
 
         assert(pid >= 0);
         assert(field);
-        assert(_value);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (pid == 0 || pid == getpid_cached()) {
+                const char *e;
+
+                e = getenv(field);
+                if (!e) {
+                        *ret = NULL;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                value = strdup(e);
+                if (!value)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *ret = value;
+                return 1;
+        }
 
         path = procfs_file_alloca(pid, "environ");
 
@@ -844,13 +884,13 @@ int getenv_for_pid(pid_t pid, const char *field, char **_value) {
         if (!f) {
                 if (errno == ENOENT)
                         return -ESRCH;
+
                 return -errno;
         }
 
         (void) __fsetlocking(f, FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER);
 
         l = strlen(field);
-        r = 0;
 
         do {
                 char line[LINE_MAX];
@@ -875,14 +915,14 @@ int getenv_for_pid(pid_t pid, const char *field, char **_value) {
                         if (!value)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        r = 1;
-                        break;
+                        *ret = value;
+                        return 1;
                 }
 
         } while (!done);
 
-        *_value = value;
-        return r;
+        *ret = NULL;
+        return 0;
 }
 
 bool pid_is_unwaited(pid_t pid) {
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/strv.h b/src/systemd/src/basic/strv.h
index 44fe1f279..f169ac5d4 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/strv.h
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/strv.h
@@ -179,6 +179,7 @@ static inline bool strv_fnmatch_or_empty(char* const* patterns, const char *s, i
 }
 
 char ***strv_free_free(char ***l);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(char***, strv_free_free);
 
 char **strv_skip(char **l, size_t n);
 
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/utf8.c b/src/systemd/src/basic/utf8.c
index 4da9a405c..b17f42026 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/utf8.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/utf8.c
@@ -408,3 +408,22 @@ int utf8_encoded_valid_unichar(const char *str) {
 
         return len;
 }
+
+size_t utf8_n_codepoints(const char *str) {
+        size_t n = 0;
+
+        /* Returns the number of UTF-8 codepoints in this string, or (size_t) -1 if the string is not valid UTF-8. */
+
+        while (*str != 0) {
+                int k;
+
+                k = utf8_encoded_valid_unichar(str);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        return (size_t) -1;
+
+                str += k;
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        return n;
+}
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/utf8.h b/src/systemd/src/basic/utf8.h
index b0a7485ae..712861518 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/utf8.h
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/utf8.h
@@ -59,3 +59,5 @@ static inline bool utf16_is_trailing_surrogate(char16_t c) {
 static inline char32_t utf16_surrogate_pair_to_unichar(char16_t lead, char16_t trail) {
                 return ((lead - 0xd800) << 10) + (trail - 0xdc00) + 0x10000;
 }
+
+size_t utf8_n_codepoints(const char *str);
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/util.c b/src/systemd/src/basic/util.c
index c7f1513f3..7863a14fb 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/util.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/util.c
@@ -518,29 +518,6 @@ uint64_t system_tasks_max_scale(uint64_t v, uint64_t max) {
         return m / max;
 }
 
-int update_reboot_parameter_and_warn(const char *param) {
-        int r;
-
-        if (isempty(param)) {
-                if (unlink("/run/systemd/reboot-param") < 0) {
-                        if (errno == ENOENT)
-                                return 0;
-
-                        return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to unlink reboot parameter file: %m");
-                }
-
-                return 0;
-        }
-
-        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0022) {
-                r = write_string_file("/run/systemd/reboot-param", param, WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to write reboot parameter file: %m");
-        }
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
 int version(void) {
         puts(PACKAGE_STRING "\n"
              SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/basic/util.h b/src/systemd/src/basic/util.h
index 9d1b10756..6f8d8bef3 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/basic/util.h
+++ b/src/systemd/src/basic/util.h
@@ -186,8 +186,6 @@ uint64_t physical_memory_scale(uint64_t v, uint64_t max);
 uint64_t system_tasks_max(void);
 uint64_t system_tasks_max_scale(uint64_t v, uint64_t max);
 
-int update_reboot_parameter_and_warn(const char *param);
-
 int version(void);
 
 int str_verscmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/arp-util.c b/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/arp-util.c
index 89e68c7ac..b8e9b2e49 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/arp-util.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/arp-util.c
@@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ int arp_network_bind_raw_socket(int ifindex, be32_t address, const struct ether_
                 BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP + BPF_JEQ + BPF_K, ARPOP_REPLY, 1, 0),                        /* protocol == reply ? */
                 BPF_STMT(BPF_RET + BPF_K, 0),                                                  /* ignore */
                 /* Sender Hardware Address must be different from our own */
-                BPF_STMT(BPF_LD + BPF_IMM, unaligned_read_ne32(&eth_mac->ether_addr_octet[0])),/* A <- 4 bytes of client's MAC */
+                BPF_STMT(BPF_LD + BPF_IMM, unaligned_read_be32(&eth_mac->ether_addr_octet[0])),/* A <- 4 bytes of client's MAC */
                 BPF_STMT(BPF_MISC + BPF_TAX, 0),                                               /* X <- A */
                 BPF_STMT(BPF_LD + BPF_W + BPF_ABS, offsetof(struct ether_arp, arp_sha)),       /* A <- 4 bytes of SHA */
                 BPF_STMT(BPF_ALU + BPF_XOR + BPF_X, 0),                                        /* A xor X */
                 BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP + BPF_JEQ + BPF_K, 0, 0, 6),                                  /* A == 0 ? */
-                BPF_STMT(BPF_LD + BPF_IMM, unaligned_read_ne16(&eth_mac->ether_addr_octet[4])),/* A <- remainder of client's MAC */
+                BPF_STMT(BPF_LD + BPF_IMM, unaligned_read_be16(&eth_mac->ether_addr_octet[4])),/* A <- remainder of client's MAC */
                 BPF_STMT(BPF_MISC + BPF_TAX, 0),                                               /* X <- A */
                 BPF_STMT(BPF_LD + BPF_H + BPF_ABS, offsetof(struct ether_arp, arp_sha) + 4),   /* A <- remainder of SHA */
                 BPF_STMT(BPF_ALU + BPF_XOR + BPF_X, 0),                                        /* A xor X */
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp6-client.c b/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp6-client.c
index ec3484383..056bfa3d3 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp6-client.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp6-client.c
@@ -771,8 +771,6 @@ static int client_parse_message(
         size_t pos = 0;
         int r;
         bool clientid = false;
-        uint8_t *id = NULL;
-        size_t id_len;
         uint32_t lt_t1 = ~0, lt_t2 = ~0;
 
         assert(client);
@@ -817,8 +815,8 @@ static int client_parse_message(
                         break;
 
                 case SD_DHCP6_OPTION_SERVERID:
-                        r = dhcp6_lease_get_serverid(lease, &id, &id_len);
-                        if (r >= 0 && id) {
+                        r = dhcp6_lease_get_serverid(lease, NULL, NULL);
+                        if (r >= 0) {
                                 log_dhcp6_client(client, "%s contains multiple serverids",
                                                  dhcp6_message_type_to_string(message->type));
                                 return -EINVAL;
@@ -956,24 +954,26 @@ static int client_parse_message(
         }
 
         if (client->state != DHCP6_STATE_INFORMATION_REQUEST) {
-                r = dhcp6_lease_get_serverid(lease, &id, &id_len);
-                if (r < 0)
+                r = dhcp6_lease_get_serverid(lease, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
                         log_dhcp6_client(client, "%s has no server id",
                                          dhcp6_message_type_to_string(message->type));
-                return r;
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                if (lease->ia.addresses) {
+                        lease->ia.ia_na.lifetime_t1 = htobe32(lt_t1);
+                        lease->ia.ia_na.lifetime_t2 = htobe32(lt_t2);
+                }
+
+                if (lease->pd.addresses) {
+                        lease->pd.ia_pd.lifetime_t1 = htobe32(lt_t1);
+                        lease->pd.ia_pd.lifetime_t2 = htobe32(lt_t2);
+                }
         }
 
-        if (lease->ia.addresses) {
-                lease->ia.ia_na.lifetime_t1 = htobe32(lt_t1);
-                lease->ia.ia_na.lifetime_t2 = htobe32(lt_t2);
-        }
-
-        if (lease->pd.addresses) {
-                lease->pd.ia_pd.lifetime_t1 = htobe32(lt_t1);
-                lease->pd.ia_pd.lifetime_t2 = htobe32(lt_t2);
-        }
-
-        return r;
+        return 0;
 }
 
 static int client_receive_reply(sd_dhcp6_client *client, DHCP6Message *reply, size_t len) {
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp6-lease.c b/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp6-lease.c
index 1f3a782f8..0089fbb73 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp6-lease.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp6-lease.c
@@ -95,11 +95,14 @@ int dhcp6_lease_set_serverid(sd_dhcp6_lease *lease, const uint8_t *id,
 
 int dhcp6_lease_get_serverid(sd_dhcp6_lease *lease, uint8_t **id, size_t *len) {
         assert_return(lease, -EINVAL);
-        assert_return(id, -EINVAL);
-        assert_return(len, -EINVAL);
 
-        *id = lease->serverid;
-        *len = lease->serverid_len;
+        if (!lease->serverid)
+                return -ENOMSG;
+
+        if (id)
+                *id = lease->serverid;
+        if (len)
+                *len = lease->serverid_len;
 
         return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/systemd/src/libsystemd/sd-id128/id128-util.c b/src/systemd/src/libsystemd/sd-id128/id128-util.c
index a6e38578b..8ce012e35 100644
--- a/src/systemd/src/libsystemd/sd-id128/id128-util.c
+++ b/src/systemd/src/libsystemd/sd-id128/id128-util.c
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
 #include "hexdecoct.h"
 #include "id128-util.h"
 #include "io-util.h"
@@ -180,9 +181,13 @@ int id128_write_fd(int fd, Id128Format f, sd_id128_t id, bool do_sync) {
         if (do_sync) {
                 if (fsync(fd) < 0)
                         return -errno;
+
+                r = fsync_directory_of_file(fd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
         }
 
-        return r;
+        return 0;
 }
 
 int id128_write(const char *p, Id128Format f, sd_id128_t id, bool do_sync) {