doc: update docs for portableService, follow doc conventions
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Silvan Mosberger
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# pkgs.portableService {#sec-pkgs-portableService}
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`pkgs.portableService` is a function to create _portable service images_,
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as read-only, immutable, `squashfs` archives.
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systemd supports a concept of [Portable Services](https://systemd.io/PORTABLE_SERVICES/).
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Portable Services are a delivery method for system services that uses two specific features of container management:
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* Applications are bundled. I.e. multiple services, their binaries and
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all their dependencies are packaged in an image, and are run directly from it.
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* Stricter default security policies, i.e. sandboxing of applications.
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This allows using Nix to build images which can be run on many recent Linux distributions.
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The primary tool for interacting with Portable Services is `portablectl`,
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and they are managed by the `systemd-portabled` system service.
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`pkgs.portableService` is a function to create [Portable Services](https://systemd.io/PORTABLE_SERVICES/) in a read-only, immutable, `squashfs` raw disk image.
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This lets you use Nix to build images which can be run on many recent Linux distributions.
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::: {.note}
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Portable services are supported starting with systemd 239 (released on 2018-06-22).
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:::
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A very simple example of using `portableService` is described below:
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The generated image will contain the file system structure as required by the Portable Services specification, along with the packages given to `portableService` and all of their dependencies.
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When generated, the image will exist in the Nix store with the `.raw` file extension, as required by the specification.
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See [](#ex-portableService-hello) to understand how to use the output of `portableService`.
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## Inputs {#ssec-pkgs-portableService-inputs}
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`portableService` expects one argument with the following attributes:
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`pname` (String)
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: The name of the portable service.
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The generated image will be named according to the template `$pname_$version.raw`, which is supported by the Portable Services specification.
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`version` (String)
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: The version of the portable service.
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The generated image will be named according to the template `$pname_$version.raw`, which is supported by the Portable Services specification.
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`units` (List of Attribute Set)
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: A list of derivations for systemd unit files.
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Each derivation must produce a single file, and must have a name that starts with the value of `pname` and ends with the suffix of the unit type (e.g. ".service", ".socket", ".timer", and so on).
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See [](#ex-portableService-hello) to better understand this naming constraint.
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`description` (String or Null; _optional_)
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: If specified, the value is added as `PORTABLE_PRETTY_NAME` to the `/etc/os-release` file in the generated image.
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This could be used to provide more information to anyone inspecting the image.
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_Default value:_ `null`.
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`homepage` (String or Null; _optional_)
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: If specified, the value is added as `HOME_URL` to the `/etc/os-release` file in the generated image.
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This could be used to provide more information to anyone inspecting the image.
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_Default value:_ `null`.
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`symlinks` (List of Attribute Set; _optional_)
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: A list of attribute sets in the format `{object, symlink}`.
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For each item in the list, `portableService` will create a symlink in the path specified by `symlink` (relative to the root of the image) that points to `object`.
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All packages that `object` depends on and their dependencies are automatically copied into the image.
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This can be used to create symlinks for applications that assume some files to exist globally (`/etc/ssl` or `/bin/bash`, for example).
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See [](#ex-portableService-symlinks) to understand how to do that.
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_Default value:_ `[]`.
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`contents` (List of Attribute Set; _optional_)
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: A list of additional derivations to be included as-is in the image.
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These derivations will be included directly in a `/nix/store` directory inside the image.
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_Default value:_ `[]`.
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`squashfsTools` (Attribute Set; _optional_)
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: Allows you to override the package that provides {manpage}`mksquashfs(1)`, which is used internally by `portableService`.
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_Default value:_ `pkgs.squashfsTools`.
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`squash-compression` (String; _optional_)
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: Passed as the compression option to {manpage}`mksquashfs(1)`, which is used internally by `portableService`.
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_Default value:_ `"xz -Xdict-size 100%"`.
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`squash-block-size` (String; _optional_)
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: Passed as the block size option to {manpage}`mksquashfs(1)`, which is used internally by `portableService`.
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_Default value:_ `"1M"`.
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## Examples {#ssec-pkgs-portableService-examples}
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[]{#ex-pkgs-portableService}
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:::{.example #ex-portableService-hello}
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# Building a Portable Service image
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The following example builds a Portable Service image with the `hello` package, along with a service unit that runs it.
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```nix
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pkgs.portableService {
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pname = "demo";
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version = "1.0";
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units = [ demo-service demo-socket ];
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{ lib, writeText, portableService, hello }:
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let
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hello-service = writeText "hello.service" ''
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[Unit]
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Description=Hello world service
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[Service]
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Type=oneshot
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ExecStart=${lib.getExe hello}
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'';
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in
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portableService {
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pname = "hello";
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inherit (hello) version;
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units = [ hello-service ];
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}
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```
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The above example will build an squashfs archive image in `result/$pname_$version.raw`. The image will contain the
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file system structure as required by the portable service specification, and a subset of the Nix store with all the
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dependencies of the two derivations in the `units` list.
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`units` must be a list of derivations, and their names must be prefixed with the service name (`"demo"` in this case).
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Otherwise `systemd-portabled` will ignore them.
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After building the package, the generated image can be loaded into a system through {manpage}`portablectl(1)`:
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::: {.note}
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The `.raw` file extension of the image is required by the portable services specification.
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```shell
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$ nix-build
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(some output removed for clarity)
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/nix/store/8c20z1vh7z8w8dwagl8w87b45dn5k6iq-hello-img-2.12.1
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$ portablectl attach /nix/store/8c20z1vh7z8w8dwagl8w87b45dn5k6iq-hello-img-2.12.1/hello_2.12.1.raw
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Created directory /etc/systemd/system.attached.
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Created directory /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d.
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Written /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d/20-portable.conf.
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Created symlink /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d/10-profile.conf → /usr/lib/systemd/portable/profile/default/service.conf.
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Copied /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.
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Created symlink /etc/portables/hello_2.12.1.raw → /nix/store/8c20z1vh7z8w8dwagl8w87b45dn5k6iq-hello-img-2.12.1/hello_2.12.1.raw.
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$ systemctl start hello
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$ journalctl -u hello
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Feb 28 22:39:16 hostname systemd[1]: Starting Hello world service...
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Feb 28 22:39:16 hostname hello[102887]: Hello, world!
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Feb 28 22:39:16 hostname systemd[1]: hello.service: Deactivated successfully.
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Feb 28 22:39:16 hostname systemd[1]: Finished Hello world service.
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$ portablectl detach hello_2.12.1
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Removed /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.
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Removed /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d/10-profile.conf.
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Removed /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d/20-portable.conf.
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Removed /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d.
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Removed /etc/portables/hello_2.12.1.raw.
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Removed /etc/systemd/system.attached.
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```
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:::
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Some other options available are:
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- `description`, `homepage`
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:::{.example #ex-portableService-symlinks}
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# Specifying symlinks when building a Portable Service image
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Are added to the `/etc/os-release` in the image and are shown by the portable services tooling.
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Default to empty values, not added to os-release.
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- `symlinks`
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Some services may expect files or directories to be available globally.
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An example is a service which expects all trusted SSL certificates to exist in a specific location by default.
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A list of attribute sets {object, symlink}. Symlinks will be created in the root filesystem of the image to
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objects in the Nix store. Defaults to an empty list.
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- `contents`
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To make things available globally, you must specify the `symlinks` attribute when using `portableService`.
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The following package builds on the package from [](#ex-portableService-hello) to make `/etc/ssl` available globally (this is only for illustrative purposes, because `hello` doesn't use `/etc/ssl`).
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A list of additional derivations to be included in the image Nix store, as-is. Defaults to an empty list.
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- `squashfsTools`
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Defaults to `pkgs.squashfsTools`, allows you to override the package that provides `mksquashfs`.
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- `squash-compression`, `squash-block-size`
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Options to `mksquashfs`. Default to `"xz -Xdict-size 100%"` and `"1M"` respectively.
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A typical usage of `symlinks` would be:
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```nix
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symlinks = [
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{ object = "${pkgs.cacert}/etc/ssl"; symlink = "/etc/ssl"; }
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{ object = "${pkgs.bash}/bin/bash"; symlink = "/bin/sh"; }
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{ object = "${pkgs.php}/bin/php"; symlink = "/usr/bin/php"; }
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];
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```
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to create these symlinks for legacy applications that assume them existing globally.
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{ lib, writeText, portableService, hello, cacert }:
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let
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hello-service = writeText "hello.service" ''
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[Unit]
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Description=Hello world service
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Once the image is created, and deployed on a host in `/var/lib/portables/`, you can attach the image and run the service. As root run:
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```console
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portablectl attach demo_1.0.raw
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systemctl enable --now demo.socket
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systemctl enable --now demo.service
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[Service]
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Type=oneshot
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ExecStart=${lib.getExe hello}
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'';
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in
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portableService {
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pname = "hello";
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inherit (hello) version;
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units = [ hello-service ];
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symlinks = [
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{ object = "${cacert}/etc/ssl"; symlink = "/etc/ssl"; }
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];
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}
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```
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::: {.note}
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See the [man page](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/portablectl.html) of `portablectl` for more info on its usage.
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:::
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@ -319,5 +319,6 @@
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"group(5)": "https://man.archlinux.org/man/group.5",
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"login.defs(5)": "https://man.archlinux.org/man/login.defs.5",
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"unshare(1)": "https://man.archlinux.org/man/unshare.1.en",
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"nix-shell(1)": "https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/nix-shell.html"
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"nix-shell(1)": "https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/nix-shell.html",
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"mksquashfs(1)": "https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/squashfs-tools/mksquashfs.1.en"
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}
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