nixpkgs/nixos/modules/services/databases/postgresql.xml
Maximilian Bosch 2deb8c0fc5
nixos/postgresql: improve docs on how to upgrade
* It's IMHO a slight overkill to deploy an additional container even if
  it's never supposed to be running. Also, the currently suggested
  approach wouldn't use the default state-directory for the new version.
* Explain the structure of the state-directories and where the
  version-numbers are actually coming from.
* Mention `./analyze_new_cluster.sh` & `./delete_old_cluster.sh`.
2021-12-11 18:22:31 +01:00

215 lines
7.9 KiB
XML

<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="module-postgresql">
<title>PostgreSQL</title>
<!-- FIXME: render nicely -->
<!-- FIXME: source can be added automatically -->
<para>
<emphasis>Source:</emphasis> <filename>modules/services/databases/postgresql.nix</filename>
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Upstream documentation:</emphasis> <link xlink:href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/"/>
</para>
<!-- FIXME: more stuff, like maintainer? -->
<para>
PostgreSQL is an advanced, free relational database.
<!-- MORE -->
</para>
<section xml:id="module-services-postgres-configuring">
<title>Configuring</title>
<para>
To enable PostgreSQL, add the following to your <filename>configuration.nix</filename>:
<programlisting>
<xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.enable"/> = true;
<xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.package"/> = pkgs.postgresql_11;
</programlisting>
Note that you are required to specify the desired version of PostgreSQL (e.g. <literal>pkgs.postgresql_11</literal>). Since upgrading your PostgreSQL version requires a database dump and reload (see below), NixOS cannot provide a default value for <xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.package"/> such as the most recent release of PostgreSQL.
</para>
<!--
<para>After running <command>nixos-rebuild</command>, you can verify
whether PostgreSQL works by running <command>psql</command>:
<screen>
<prompt>$ </prompt>psql
psql (9.2.9)
Type "help" for help.
<prompt>alice=></prompt>
</screen>
-->
<para>
By default, PostgreSQL stores its databases in <filename>/var/lib/postgresql/$psqlSchema</filename>. You can override this using <xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.dataDir"/>, e.g.
<programlisting>
<xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.dataDir"/> = "/data/postgresql";
</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="module-services-postgres-upgrading">
<title>Upgrading</title>
<note>
<para>
The steps below demonstrate how to upgrade from an older version to <package>pkgs.postgresql_13</package>.
These instructions are also applicable to other versions.
</para>
</note>
<para>
Major PostgreSQL upgrades require a downtime and a few imperative steps to be called. This is the case because
each major version has some internal changes in the databases' state during major releases. Because of that,
NixOS places the state into <filename>/var/lib/postgresql/&lt;version&gt;</filename> where each <literal>version</literal>
can be obtained like this:
<programlisting>
<prompt>$ </prompt>nix-instantiate --eval -A postgresql_13.psqlSchema
"13"
</programlisting>
For an upgrade, a script like this can be used to simplify the process:
<programlisting>
{ config, pkgs, ... }:
{
<xref linkend="opt-environment.systemPackages" /> = [
(pkgs.writeScriptBin "upgrade-pg-cluster" ''
set -eux
# XXX it's perhaps advisable to stop all services that depend on postgresql
systemctl stop postgresql
# XXX replace `&lt;new version&gt;` with the psqlSchema here
export NEWDATA="/var/lib/postgresql/&lt;new version&gt;"
# XXX specify the postgresql package you'd like to upgrade to
export NEWBIN="${pkgs.postgresql_13}/bin"
export OLDDATA="${config.<xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.dataDir"/>}"
export OLDBIN="${config.<xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.package"/>}/bin"
install -d -m 0700 -o postgres -g postgres "$NEWDATA"
cd "$NEWDATA"
sudo -u postgres $NEWBIN/initdb -D "$NEWDATA"
sudo -u postgres $NEWBIN/pg_upgrade \
--old-datadir "$OLDDATA" --new-datadir "$NEWDATA" \
--old-bindir $OLDBIN --new-bindir $NEWBIN \
"$@"
'')
];
}
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
The upgrade process is:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Rebuild nixos configuration with the configuration above added to your <filename>configuration.nix</filename>. Alternatively, add that into separate file and reference it in <literal>imports</literal> list.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Login as root (<literal>sudo su -</literal>)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Run <literal>upgrade-pg-cluster</literal>. It will stop old postgresql, initialize a new one and migrate the old one to the new one. You may supply arguments like <literal>--jobs 4</literal> and <literal>--link</literal> to speedup migration process. See <link xlink:href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgupgrade.html" /> for details.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Change postgresql package in NixOS configuration to the one you were upgrading to via <xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.package" />. Rebuild NixOS. This should start new postgres using upgraded data directory and all services you stopped during the upgrade.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
After the upgrade it's advisable to analyze the new cluster (as <literal>su -l postgres</literal> in the
<xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.dataDir" />, in this example <filename>/var/lib/postgresql/13</filename>):
<programlisting>
<prompt>$ </prompt>./analyze_new_cluster.sh
</programlisting>
<warning><para>The next step removes the old state-directory!</para></warning>
<programlisting>
<prompt>$ </prompt>./delete_old_cluster.sh
</programlisting>
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="module-services-postgres-options">
<title>Options</title>
<para>
A complete list of options for the PostgreSQL module may be found <link linkend="opt-services.postgresql.enable">here</link>.
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="module-services-postgres-plugins">
<title>Plugins</title>
<para>
Plugins collection for each PostgreSQL version can be accessed with <literal>.pkgs</literal>. For example, for <literal>pkgs.postgresql_11</literal> package, its plugin collection is accessed by <literal>pkgs.postgresql_11.pkgs</literal>:
<screen>
<prompt>$ </prompt>nix repl '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;'
Loading '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;'...
Added 10574 variables.
<prompt>nix-repl&gt; </prompt>postgresql_11.pkgs.&lt;TAB&gt;&lt;TAB&gt;
postgresql_11.pkgs.cstore_fdw postgresql_11.pkgs.pg_repack
postgresql_11.pkgs.pg_auto_failover postgresql_11.pkgs.pg_safeupdate
postgresql_11.pkgs.pg_bigm postgresql_11.pkgs.pg_similarity
postgresql_11.pkgs.pg_cron postgresql_11.pkgs.pg_topn
postgresql_11.pkgs.pg_hll postgresql_11.pkgs.pgjwt
postgresql_11.pkgs.pg_partman postgresql_11.pkgs.pgroonga
...
</screen>
</para>
<para>
To add plugins via NixOS configuration, set <literal>services.postgresql.extraPlugins</literal>:
<programlisting>
<xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.package"/> = pkgs.postgresql_11;
<xref linkend="opt-services.postgresql.extraPlugins"/> = with pkgs.postgresql_11.pkgs; [
pg_repack
postgis
];
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
You can build custom PostgreSQL-with-plugins (to be used outside of NixOS) using function <literal>.withPackages</literal>. For example, creating a custom PostgreSQL package in an overlay can look like:
<programlisting>
self: super: {
postgresql_custom = self.postgresql_11.withPackages (ps: [
ps.pg_repack
ps.postgis
]);
}
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
Here's a recipe on how to override a particular plugin through an overlay:
<programlisting>
self: super: {
postgresql_11 = super.postgresql_11.override { this = self.postgresql_11; } // {
pkgs = super.postgresql_11.pkgs // {
pg_repack = super.postgresql_11.pkgs.pg_repack.overrideAttrs (_: {
name = "pg_repack-v20181024";
src = self.fetchzip {
url = "https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack/archive/923fa2f3c709a506e111cc963034bf2fd127aa00.tar.gz";
sha256 = "17k6hq9xaax87yz79j773qyigm4fwk8z4zh5cyp6z0sxnwfqxxw5";
};
});
};
};
}
</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
</chapter>